Process and Method Desing

Simple and stiff design are the two most common styles of design.

Simple Design: This strategy creates structures with no restraints on moments in their linkages. During simple design, the following assumptions are made:

•  All columns, including vertical loads, resist applied loads at the neutral axis.

•  All beams are simply held in place.

•  Bracings, core walls, and shear walls help the whole structure withstand lateral wind loads.

Rigid Design: This strategy is used to create structures with permanent connections. Vertical, horizontal, and moment forces can all be resisted by fixed supports.

During the preliminary design phase, one should concentrate on:

1. Load types and loading paths

2. Columns, beams, and slabs geometry and layout

3. The lateral stability system's type (bracings, core walls, etc)

4. The requirement of transfer structures

5. Make sure everything is in order from floor to floor.

There are numerous approaches to increase the flexibility of structures while also increasing their value and performance:

1. Reducing the thickness of structural beams

2. Increased headroom

3. Increasing the distance between columns between slabs

4. Remove structural walls because future development will not be able to remove them for their use.

During detailed design, one should pay attention to the following:

1. Limitations on human comfort and cladding due to serviceability, vibration, acoustic, and deflection

2. Structural member fire and corrosion protection

3. The structure's cost (structure itself, during its operations, and future developments)

4. Coordination with the structure's mechanical equipment and services (especially though beams, walls, and slabs)

5. The impact on neighboring structures and the use of joints to separate effects caused by one structure from those caused by another.

6. The structure's buildability and constructability, including the program and contractors

7. Effects of temperature changes and shrinkage on structural elements that can cause expansion and contraction

8. The impact of aesthetics and structural elements' exposure

9. Overall and differential foundation settlement

Controlling cracks with adequate reinforcement and detailing

Consider the following:

The thickness of floor systems will need to be raised as the distance between columns rises due to the demand for column-free area, increasing the cost of the span.

Solutions are as follows:

• Building services and pipelines should be integrated into beams, walls, and slabs.
• To prevent inducing greater stresses at high shear areas at the ends, integrate building services at the mid-span of beams or near the mid-span of beams.

• The overall height of the building increases as the headroom distance for floor heights increases due to the need for ceiling and service zones, consequently raising the structure's cost.

To make early planning more efficient and to plan important structural parts inside the structure, it is most useful for the design team to determine distinct types of building functions for different places (eg. transfer beams).

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