The preparation of structural design begins once the architectural plans have been finalized, whether it is a design of residential or commercial constructions. Here are the 6 essential methods to consider in a structural design.
1. Design Code Standart (Standart and Design Criteria)
Uniform Buildings Code (UBC)
Knowing the design codes and design criteria, that we will use at the start of structural design is a must, This is the basis and guidelines. Design code to use in our design depends on the location of the project. Generally, the structural design criteria adopted for the project is based upon the principle of that codes and standarts.
References, supplementary codes and local codes are also considered when reguired, the must common design codes adapted by most countries are according to international codes and standards like the British Standart, Euro Codes, and American Code.
Each code has its sections intended according to its use, For example, when using american codes, we can refer to ASCE-7 For design loadings constructions, UBC-97 for the Sismic Loading, ACI-318, for building code requirements for structura concrete design and AISC for steel structures.
2. Load Considerations and Calculation
After identifying the codes that we are going to use in the design, the next thing to consider is the load considerations and calculations. The load considerations are depending on the type of occupancy of the projcet.
Here, the three basic loadings of a building are being assigned. The dead load that usually composed of the self weight of the member or a structure, the super-imposed dead load that comprises of the floor finishes and the weight of the partitions, and the live loads that constitute the movable loads that the structure may carry. Depending on how hight the project is a wind load and seismic load shall also be considered accordingly.
3. Propose a Framing System
The framing system is a vital part of the structural design it is where the overall safety of the structure will rely upon. In this aspect, the structural engineer should come up for a better solution on how the project will be supported structurally, at this stage, the designer should study and review the possible framework of the project without compromising the safety the standart thicknesses of slabs dimension of beam and columns, The standart thicknesses of slabs, dimensions of beams and columns, its location and orientations are being considered initially.
Proper coordination in other departements like the architectural and MEP sould also be abserved, Prior of the structural modeling an draft framing system is highlightde at first in the achitectural drawing to make sure that to achicettural aspects are being compromised.
4. Sturctural modeling and Manual Design.
Once the propesed framing has been finalized, we will verify the adequacy of it through stcutural modeling. Using available structural sofware in the market, structural modeling can be easily done, Using 3-Dimensional modeling structural sofware like ETABS and Staad Pro, it is convenient for the designer to extract the design forces needed oin the design of structural members such as the design of beams, slab, columns and design of footings.
The designer can also prform other necessary checks accordingly. If the structural sofware is not available, the designer can do a manual design. But designing the structures manually is limited for small projects, not to mention the amount of time it will create during that process.
Considering the design phase nowadays, it is still recommended to model the proposed project using structural sofware, and that manual calculations can be used for some individual checks on structural members. A spreadsheet of member design can also be used.
5. Design the Structural Members.
Perhaps the good thing about structural modeling ist that the design forces that you need in the design are readily available whenever you need it. In this reaseon, the designer should check or design the reinforcement, in the beams according to the loads that we inputted Design of slab and punching reinfrocement check is required.
Vertical members design such as shear will design and design of columns and check for buckling are necessary. More importanly, the extracted forces or the column loads that the footing will carry according to SLS load combinations for foundation should be designed.
6. Produce a Structural Drawing.
After all the design procedure above has been completed, a draft sketch of structural framings or structural markups, its design and structura schedule shall be handed over to structural draftsman for him/her to interpert it into a strcutural drawing.
In the stage, structural design engineer supervision is required, to make sure that every detail in structural drawings is accounted for A final review of the produced structural drawing should also be considered upon submission for building permit approval.
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